Lichtkreise (Kosmischer Regenbogen) (1922)

Otto Freundlich distinguished himself as a German painter and sculptor, becoming one of the early leaders in the field of abstract art at the beginning of the 20th century. His admiration for cubism is apparent in his artwork and sculptures alike, as he strove to move beyond conventional artistic traditions in pursuit of novel visual forms of expression. Through his innovative work, Freundlich played a vital role in shaping the course of European modernism.

Freundlich was born in Stolp, in the Province of Pomerania, Prussia (now Słupsk, Poland), and came from a Jewish background. His mother, who was a first cousin to the noted writer Samuel Lublinski, had a significant impact on his intellectual development. This familial tie introduced him early to philosophical and cultural discussions that would go on to influence his artistic outlook.

Before becoming an artist, Freundlich began his career studying dentistry. However, his devotion to creative practice prompted him to leave this path so he could devote himself entirely to painting and sculpture. With this choice, Freundlich experienced a decisive change that enabled him to become fully engaged in the lively art communities of Berlin and Paris.

In much of Freundlich’s work, he conveyed concepts of harmony and unity through the use of vivid colors, abstract structures, and symbolic imagery. Although he endured substantial hardship, including persecution during the Nazi era, he remains remembered as a pioneer who played a crucial part in making abstraction an essential element of modern art.